

DESIGN : TECHNO : EXPERIENCE





La nature de cette diversité est non duelle
Et de toutes choses individuelles
Aucune ne peut se ramener à un concept fini.
Mais chacun, dans son propre état,
Est au-delà des limites de l'esprit.
En évitant le piège de dire :
"C'est comme ceci " ou " c'est comme cela ",
Il apparaît clairement que toutes formes manifestées
Sont des aspects de l'infini sans forme et,
Étant inséparables de lui, sont parfaites en soi.
Il n'y a aucun concept
Qui peut définir l'état "ce qui est"
Mais la vision néanmoins se manifeste : tout est bon.
Voyant que toutes choses
Sont parfaites en soi depuis l'origine,
On abandonne la maladie de s'efforcer
Sans cesse vers un but
Et, demeurant simplement dans l'état naturel non modifié,
La présence de la contemplation non duelle
S'élève spontanément.
Tantra du 'Coucou porte-bonheur de l'état non-duel (Rigbai Kujymg)'
autre traduction
La nature de l'infinie diversité des manifestations est non duelle,
Pourtant tous les aspects de l'expérience apparaissent comme distincts et cependant, leur état primordial est bien libre de toute construction mentale.
Dans l'état de contemplation "tel que c'est" il n'y a pas de pensées,
Pourtant les apparences se manifestent continuellement et cependant, leur nature unique est bien au-delà de tout jugement.
La perfection en soi étant par-delà la maladie de l'effort,
On demeure sans effort dans l'état détendu de la présence.
Avez-vous été surpris de découvrir que les banques s’apprêtent à verser à nouveau d’énormes bonus à leurs traders ?
Daniel Cohn-Bendit. Je n’ai pas été surpris car les banquiers sont sans foi ni loi et croient que le monde entier leur appartient.





Diretta emanazione dell'allegoria è l'affresco degli Effetti del buon governo in città e in campagna sulla parete successiva, che doveva rappresentare con un esempio eloquente gli obiettivi dei governanti della città. A sinistra un città magnificamente dipinta (la stessa Siena, come dimostra il campanile e la cupola del Duomo che spuntano nell'angolo in alto a sinistra) è popolata da abitanti laboriosi, ben edificata e gaia, come sottolinea l'elegante girotondo di fanciulle. A destra si dispiega la campagna, dove merci e persone viaggiano in sicurezza, la terra fertile viene coltivata, i giovani vanno a caccia, mentre in aria vola la personificazione della Sicurezza, che regge un delinquente impiccato e un cartiglio:
« Senza paura ogn'uom franco camini
e lavorando semini ciascuno
mentre che tal comuno
manterrà questa donna in signoria
Nel dipingere le scene Ambrogio ricorse a stratagemmi fini, per esempio nel Buon Governo la prospettiva e la luce sono costruite in modo da mostrare serenamente la città fino in profondità, mentre la scura città del Cattivo Governo dà subito una sensazione di disarmonia, con tetri edifici che bloccano la visuale.
Nell'affresco venne rappresentato il paesaggio rurale ed urbano, quasi assoluta novità nel panorama artistico dell'epoca (presente già in alcune miniature di ambito federiciano, ma molto più stilizzato), con una cura del dettaglio, una vastezza ed una credibilità mai toccate finora. Tuttavia questa rappresentazione non era fine a se stessa (volontà di portare una testimonianza di un paesaggio) ma fa parte di un preciso messaggio politico, veicolato dal paesaggio: la campagna qui illustra allegoricamente un concetto (di effetto di un regime politico), non "un" paesaggio.
Influenzato dalla prima formazione avvenuta a Siena, Ambrogio tuttavia si discostò dai caratteri dominanti di tale arte tanto che è difficile ritenerlo un'esponente tipico della pittura senese del Trecento.
Entrambi i fratelli probabilmente morirono durante la prima grande ondata di peste nera che nel 1348 decimò in maniera terribile le popolazioni dell'Europa occidentale.
Opere di Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Siena, Palazzo Comunale.

DE LA ZOOLOGIE À L'ANTHROPOLOGIE
Les scientifiques avaient remarqué depuis longtemps que ces singes grégaires partageaient fréquemment le produit de leur chasse, même avec des femelles n'y ayant pas participé, mais ils ne comprenaient pas pourquoi. Or cette nouvelle étude montre que "les mâles qui partagent leurs proies doublent leurs chances de s'accoupler", selon Mme Gomes. L'autre auteur de l'étude, le biologiste franco-suisse Christophe Boesch, a affirmé que ce travail "aurait une influence sur nos connaissances actuelles des relations entre les hommes et les femmes".
La problématique "sexe contre nourriture" pourrait ainsi passer du champ de la zoologie à celui de l'anthropologie : les scientifiques ont établi depuis longtemps que, dans les sociétés primitives de chasseurs-cueilleurs, les chasseurs performants ont davantage d'épouses et donc d'enfants, sans que ce lien ait été explicité jusqu'à présent.
LEMONDE.FR avec AFP | 08.04.09 | 21h00

L'enjeu est de taille, il s'agit de la préservation d'un trésor de l'humanité, l'ensemble des grottes ornées de la vallée de la Vézère, en Dordogne. Leur décor pariétal impressionna tant Georges Bataille, que l'écrivain en parlait, en 1955, comme de la "naissance de l'art". Selon le préhistorien Jean Clottes, qui a présidé le symposium international "Lascaux et la conservation en milieu souterrain", organisé à l'initiative de la ministre de la culture Christine Albanel, les jeudi 26 et vendredi 27 février à Paris, "un ou plusieurs grands artistes, des Michel-Ange, auraient travaillé il y a 17 000 ans, voire 20 000 ans, dans cette grotte spectaculaire". "C'est plein de vie, dit-il, les animaux, aurochs (boeufs sauvages), chevaux, cerfs sautent, bondissent, tombent à la renverse, se croisent, traversent une rivière, la tête haute." Le rapport de l'ICPL pointe l'altération du décor pariétal aux prises avec une prolifération de bactéries sur les parois de la grotte, qui s'aggrave faute d'une méthode scientifique rigoureuse. Une situation nourrie par la "rivalité sourde entre l'administration des monuments historiques et les archéologues qui se disputent la gestion de ce joyau" (Le Monde, du 27 novembre 2007). Le cri d'alarme de Mme Leauté-Beasley a enclenché un compte à rebours. La France est sommée par l'Unesco de redresser la barre d'ici à l'été prochain, sous peine de voir inscrit Lascaux sur la liste du Patrimoine mondial en péril "en l'absence de progrès substantiels dans l'identification des causes et du traitement des peintures".
Il était temps de briser l'omerta sur la réalité des risques encourus par le site. "Depuis neuf ans, on patauge", se désole Pierre Vidal, ingénieur au CNRS, spécialiste de l'art rupestre, qui a assuré, de 1957 à 1996, le suivi scientifique de la grotte. A 73 ans, celui qui se dit "la mémoire de Lascaux", regrette "les interventions au jour le jour, sans actions coordonnées, et parle de bricolage. L'équilibre climatique a été rompu, on a oublié tous les protocoles, on s'est coupé de tout ce qui a été fait jusqu'en 2000. Pendant trente ans, la grotte n'avait pas bougé".
Que s'est-il passé ? Il semble que le manque de précautions sanitaires, en 1999 et 2000, durant les travaux liés à l'installation de la nouvelle machine de conditionnement d'air, et que le bouleversement climatique engendré par ladite machine "trop puissante et mal adaptée" aient provoqué une "détérioration dramatique de l'équilibre biologique de la grotte", précise Paul-Marie Guyon, physicien à la retraite, qui avait mis au point la précédente machine, "une petite assistance climatique" qui avait fait ses preuves.
D'où l'invasion d'une colonie de champignons blancs déclenchée en 2000. Le traitement radical appliqué, avec de la chaux déversée sur le sol, n'aurait pas été sans conséquences sur cet organisme vivant ultra-fragile qu'est une grotte. Comme l'éclairage intensif des parois pour la réalisation d'un état des lieux en 3D. Des centaines d'heures de projecteurs braqués sur les parois, sans se conformer au contrôle sévère de la lumière. Lequel, selon le cahier des charges, était limité à trente-cinq minutes par jour, cinq jours par semaine, depuis la réouverture de la grotte au public en 1976 - la grotte fut fermée par Malraux en 1963 suite à l'apparition d'algues vertes : elle accueillait jusqu'à 1 800 visiteurs par jour. Dès 2004, apparurent des taches noires sur les parois, de la mélanine provoquée par la lumière et dont on ne parvient pas à arrêter la progression, malgré les traitements successifs.
Lors d'un compte rendu, en avril 2008, Marc Gauthier, président du comité scientifique de la grotte de Lascaux, mis en place en 2002, déclarait pourtant : "La malade est en convalescence, elle est presque guérie." A cette occasion, était dévoilé le Targol Oxyt, un Dévor'Mousse en formule concentrée, sorte de produit miracle censé venir à bout des taches noires. "On ne traite pas Lascaux comme un carré de salades", s'offusque Jean-Philippe Rigaud, conservateur de la grotte de 1977 à 1992. Lequel espère que le colloque organisé les 26 et 27 février remette les scientifiques sur le devant de la scène.
"On est à la huitième année de la crise, la grotte ne fonctionne plus comme par le passé du fait d'un réchauffement du sol, indique, Jean-Michel Geneste, chargé du suivi et de la coordination scientifique de Lascaux. Je reconnais que je n'aurai pas dû accepter la machine livrée, non conforme à la commande. Les travaux ont été le facteur déclenchant. Trop longs. Dans l'urgence, on a essayé de faire au mieux. On est en limite de méthode, confronté au maximum de nos savoir-faire. De même, qu'on ne s'est pas rendu compte que la grotte avait changé de régime climatique."
A l'ouverture du symposium, Christine Albanel, qui veut la transparence, a annoncé la création d'un nouveau comité scientifique pluridisciplinaire, ouvert aux sciences dures, et autonome face à l'administration. "Il faut confronter les propositions, les perspectives. Des erreurs ont sans doute été commises à cause de la complexité du site", dit-on au ministère de la culture. De son côté, Michel Goldberg, biochimiste, ancien directeur scientifique de l'Institut Pasteur a pris l'initiative de réunir au sein d'un comité de réflexion, le Lascaux International Scientific Think Tank (LIST), les meilleurs spécialistes en microbiologie, chimie, hydrogéologie, climatologie, biotechnologie..., jusqu'à Antoine Danchin, expert en génomique bactérienne. Sauver Lascaux est l'affaire de tous. Le temps presse.
Ancienne langue
For middle aged and older people at least, using the internet helps boost brain power, research suggests.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7667610.stm
A University of California Los Angeles team found searching the web stimulates centres in the brain that control decision-making and complex reasoning.
The researchers say this might even help to counter-act the age-related physiological changes that cause the brain to slow down.
The study features in the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.
| Professor Gary Small University of California Los Angeles |
As the brain ages, a number of changes occur, including shrinkage and reductions in cell activity, which can impact on performance.
It has long been thought that activities which keep the brain active, such as crossword puzzles, may help minimise the impact - and the latest study suggests that surfing the web can be added to the list.
Web use stimulates much more activity in the same brain |
Lead researcher Professor Gary Small said: "The study results are encouraging, that emerging computerized technologies may have physiological effects and potential benefits for middle-aged and older adults.
"Internet searching engages complicated brain activity, which may help exercise and improve brain function."
The latest study was based on 24 volunteers aged between 55 and 76. Half were experienced internet users, the rest were not.
Compared with reading
Each volunteer underwent a brain scan while performing web searches and book-reading tasks.
Both types of task produced evidence of significant activity in regions of the brain controlling language, reading, memory and visual abilities.
However, the web search task produced significant additional activity in separate areas of the brain which control decision-making and complex reasoning - but only in those who were experienced web users.
Brain activity in web newcomers: similar for reading and internet use |
The researchers said that compared with simple reading, the internet's wealth of choices requires that people make decisions about what to click on in order to get the relevant information.
However, they suggested that newcomers to the web had not quite grasped the strategies needed to successfully carry out a web search.
Professor Smith said: "A simple, everyday task like searching the web appears to enhance brain circuitry in older adults, demonstrating that our brains are sensitive and can continue to learn as we grow older."
Rebecca Wood, chief executive of the Alzheimer’s Research Trust, said: "These fascinating findings add to previous research suggesting that middle-aged and older people can reduce their risk of dementia by taking part in regular mentally stimulating activities.
"Older web users - 'silver surfers' - are doing precisely this.
"Frequent social interactions, regular exercise and maintaining a balanced diet can also reduce dementia risk."
Dr Susanne Sorensen, head of research at the Alzheimer's Society, said: "Use it or lose it may well be a positive message to keep people active but there is very little real evidence that keeping the brain exercised with puzzles, games or other activities can promote cognitive health and reduce the risk of dementia."
| By James Morgan Science reporter, BBC News |
Please turn on JavaScript. Media requires JavaScript to play.
The excavation is documented in a BBC Timewatch special
Archaeologists have pinpointed the construction of Stonehenge to 2300BC - a key step to discovering how and why the mysterious edifice was built.
The radiocarbon date is said to be the most accurate yet and means the ring's original bluestones were put up 300 years later than previously thought.
The dating is the major finding from an excavation inside the henge by Profs Tim Darvill and Geoff Wainwright.
The duo found evidence suggesting Stonehenge was a centre of healing.
Others have argued that the monument was a shrine to worship ancestors, or a calendar to mark the solstices.
A documentary following the progress of the recent dig has been recorded by the BBC Timewatch series. It will be broadcast on Saturday 27 September.
Date demand
For centuries, archaeologists have marvelled at the construction of Stonehenge, which lies on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire.
Mineral analysis indicates that the original circle of bluestones was transported to the plain from a site 240km (150 miles) away, in the Preseli hills, South Wales.
This extraordinary feat suggests the stones were thought to harbour great powers.
Professors Darvill and Wainwright believe that Stonehenge was a centre of healing - a "Neolithic Lourdes", to which the sick and injured travelled from far and wide, to be healed by the powers of the bluestones.
They note that "an abnormal number" of the corpses found in tombs nearby Stonehenge display signs of serious physical injury and disease.
And analysis of teeth recovered from graves show that "around half" of the corpses were from people who were "not native to the Stonehenge area".
"Stonehenge would attract not only people who were unwell, but people who were capable of [healing] them," said Professor Darvill, of Bournemouth University.
"Therefore, in a sense, Stonehenge becomes 'the A & E' of southern England."
Modern techniques
But without a reliable carbon date for the construction of Stonehenge, it has been difficult to establish this, or any other, theory.
Until now, the consensus view for the date of the first stone circle was anywhere between 2600BC and 2400BC.
To cement the date once and for all, Professors Darvill and Wainwright were granted permission by English Heritage to excavate a patch of earth just 2.5m x 3.5m, in between the two circles of giant sarsen stones.
The dig unearthed about 100 pieces of organic material from the original bluestone sockets, now buried under the monument. Of these, 14 were selected to be sent for modern carbon dating, at Oxford University.
The result - 2300BC - is the most reliable date yet for the erection of the first bluestones.
Strictly speaking, the result was rounded down to "between 2400BC and 2200BC" - but 2300BC is taken as the average.
An even more precise date will be produced in the coming months.
"It's an incredible feeling, a dream come true," said Professor Wainwright, formerly chief archaeologist at English Heritage.
"We told the world we were going to date Stonehenge. That was a risk, but I was always confident," said Professor Darvill.
Please turn on JavaScript. Media requires JavaScript to play.
The archaeologists reveal the first accurate carbon date for Stonehenge
Intriguingly, the date range ties in closely with the date for the burial of the so-called "Amesbury Archer", whose tomb was discovered three miles from Stonehenge.
Some archaeologists believe the Archer is the key to understanding why Stonehenge was built.
Analyses of his corpse and artefacts from his grave indicate he was a wealthy and powerful man, with knowledge of metal working, who had travelled to Salisbury from Alpine Europe, for reasons unknown.
Post mortem examinations show that he suffered from both a serious knee injury and a potentially fatal dental problem, leading Darvill and Wainwright to conclude that the Archer came to Stonehenge to be healed.
But without an accurate date for Stonehenge, it was not even clear whether the temple existed while the Archer was alive.
His remains have been dated between 2500BC and 2300BC - within the same period that the first stone circle was erected.
"It's quite extraordinary that the date of the Amesbury Archer is identical with our new date for the bluestones of Stonehenge," said Professor Darvill.
"These two things happening within living memory of each other for sure is something very, very important."
Earliest occupation
Professor Wainwright added: "Was the Amesbury Archer, as some have suggested, the person responsible for the building of Stonehenge? I think the answer to that is almost certainly 'no'.
"But did he travel there to be healed? Did he limp, or was he carried, all the way from Switzerland to Wiltshire, because he had heard of the miraculous healing properties of Stonehenge? 'Yes, absolutely'.
"Tim and I are quite convinced that people went to Stonehenge to get well. But Stonehenge probably had more than one purpose, so I have no problem with other people's interpretations."
Among other key finds, the team uncovered organic material that indicates people inhabited the Stonehenge site as long ago as 7200BC - more than 3,500 years earlier than anything previously known.
They also found that bluestone chippings outnumbered sarsen stone chippings by three to one - which Wainwright takes to be a sign of their value.
"It could be that people were flaking off pieces of bluestone, in order to create little bits to take away... as lucky amulets," he said.
The duo are preparing to publish an academic report of their excavation, and will announce their findings to their peers next month, in a lecture at London's Society of Antiquaries.
Ongoing debate
Experts on Stonehenge said the new date was a major milestone in understanding Britain's most famous monument.
Dr Andrew Fitzpatrick, of Wessex Archaeology, said: "This is a great result - a very important one.
"The date of Stonehenge had been blowing in the wind. But this anchors it. It helps us to be secure about the chronology of events.
"The theory that it was a centre of healing is certainly a plausible one, but I don't think we can rule out the other main competing theory - that the temple was a meeting point between the land of the living and the dead.
"I am not yet persuaded that the Amesbury Archer came to Stonehenge to be healed. I favour the interpretation that he was one of the earliest metal workers, who travelled to the area to make a living from his skills.
"In any case, it is still not clear if his burial predated Stonehenge."
Dave Batchelor, Stonehenge curator at English Heritage, said: "We are pleased that the professors' precision in targeting that small area of turf and their rigorous standards in archaeological excavations have produced such a rich collection of physical evidence.
"We are looking forward to seeing the results of the full analysis, but from what we understand so far, we believe they have added valuable information to the chronology of Stonehenge."
The BBC Timewatch special is broadcast on BBC Two at 2005 BST on Saturday 27 September